Stainless Steel 316 Stud Bolts
Stainless Steel 316 Stud Bolts are threaded fasteners used in industrial piping systems to connect flanges, valves, and pipe fittings. They are made from SS 316, which is an austenitic stainless steel grade containing molybdenum. That molybdenum content is what separates 316 from 304. It gives the material noticeably better resistance to chlorides, acids, and corrosive environments.
These bolts are used across oil and gas, chemical processing, marine, and pharmaceutical industries. They come in fully threaded or double-end stud configurations, and are almost always paired with heavy hex nuts.
Price of Stainless Steel 316 Stud Bolts
The approximate price range for Stainless Steel 316 Stud Bolts per kg/unit is listed below, along with the factors affecting the cost.
Approx Price Range
The Indian market offers Stainless Steel 316 stud bolts at a price range of ₹320 to ₹450 per kg based on size and finish. Prices can rise for imported or certified stock (PED, NACE). When you buy in bulk, the cost per unit is generally much smaller.
Price Per Unit / Kg
The per unit pricing of SS 316 Stud Bolts is approximately ₹80 – ₹180. Final price depends on supplier, origin (domestic versus imported), and quantity ordered. These are indicative figures; always ask for a live quote.
Factors Affecting Price
SS 316 stud bolt prices depend on size, certifications, finish, origin, and order volume, with costs influenced by nickel and molybdenum markets and discounts on larger bulk quantities.
Types of Stainless Steel 316 Stud Bolts
There are 5 types of 316 Stainless Steel Stud Bolts available, listed below.
- Fully Threaded Stud Bolts
- Double End Stud Bolts
- Tap End Stud Bolts
- Continuous Thread Studs
- B8M Stud Bolts
- Specifications of Stainless Steel 316 Stud Bolts
Specifications of Stainless Steel 316 Stud Bolts
The specifications of Stainless Steel 316 Stud Bolts, including size, dimensions, and form, are listed in the table given below.
|
Specifications |
ASTM A 193 / ASME SA 193 |
|
Standard |
DIN, ISO, JIS, GB, IS, BS, ASTM, and all International Standards |
|
Size |
M3 - M100 | 3/6″ - 4″ | Custom Sizes |
|
Stud Bolt Length |
3 mm - 200 mm | Custom Sizes |
|
Dimensions |
DIN 931, 933, 934, 7991, 976, 125, ASME B18.2.1, B18.3 |
|
Threads available |
UNF, BSW, BSF, METRIC, UNC, or as required |
|
Threads Configuration |
ASME B1.1 2A/3A – 2B/3B Inch Unified Threads and B1.13M 6h-6G Metric Coarse Threads |
|
Form |
Hex, Threading, Square, Round, as per Gauge Etc. |
Chemical Properties of Stainless Steel 316 Stud Bolts
The chemical properties of Stainless Steel 316 Stud Bolts, along with their proportion in percentage is listed in the table given below.
|
Element |
Composition (%) |
|
Carbon (C) |
Max 0.08 |
|
Manganese (Mn) |
Max 2.00 |
|
Silicon (Si) |
Max 1.00 |
|
Phosphorus (P) |
Max 0.045 |
|
Sulphur (S) |
Max 0.030 |
|
Chromium (Cr) |
16.00 – 18.00 |
|
Nickel (Ni) |
11.00 – 14.00 |
|
Molybdenum (Mo) |
2.00 – 3.00 |
Mechanical Properties of Stainless Steel 316 Stud Bolts
The mechanical properties of Stainless Steel 316 Stud Bolts, including elongation and other factors, are listed below.
|
Property |
Value |
|
Tensile Strength (min) |
515 MPa (75,000 psi) |
|
Yield Strength (min) |
205 MPa (30,000 psi) |
|
Elongation |
Min 35% |
Physical Properties of Stainless Steel 316 Stud Bolts
The physical properties of Stainless Steel 316 Stud Bolts are listed in the table given below.
|
Property |
Value |
|
Density |
8.0 g/cm³ |
|
Melting Point |
1375 – 1400°C |
|
Thermal Conductivity |
16.3 W/m·K at 100°C |
|
Electrical Resistivity |
74 µΩ·cm |
|
Magnetic Permeability |
Non-magnetic (annealed) |
|
Thermal Expansion |
15.9 µm/m·°C (0–100°C) |
Dimension Chart of Stainless Steel 316 Stud Bolts
The dimension chart of Stainless Steel 316 Stud Bolts, including diameter and nominal size, is listed below.
|
Nominal Size (inch) |
Diameter D Nominal |
Min. |
Max. |
Tap End Full Thread Length BM (UNC & NC-5) |
UNF Thread |
8UN Thread |
Bmin (L ≤ 10) |
Bmin (10 < L ≤ 16) |
Bmin (L > 16) |
|
1/4 |
0.375 |
0.350 |
0.400 |
0.100 |
0.071 |
-- |
0.750 |
1.000 |
1.500 |
|
5/16 |
0.469 |
0.440 |
0.498 |
0.111 |
0.083 |
-- |
0.875 |
1.125 |
1.625 |
|
3/8 |
0.563 |
0.532 |
0.594 |
0.125 |
0.083 |
-- |
1.000 |
1.250 |
1.750 |
|
7/16 |
0.656 |
0.620 |
0.692 |
0.143 |
0.100 |
-- |
1.125 |
1.375 |
1.875 |
|
1/2 |
0.750 |
0.708 |
0.792 |
0.154 |
0.100 |
-- |
1.250 |
1.500 |
2.000 |
|
9/16 |
0.844 |
0.802 |
0.896 |
0.167 |
0.111 |
-- |
1.375 |
1.625 |
2.125 |
|
5/8 |
0.938 |
0.892 |
0.983 |
0.182 |
0.111 |
-- |
1.500 |
1.750 |
2.250 |
|
3/4 |
1.125 |
1.075 |
1.175 |
0.200 |
0.125 |
-- |
1.750 |
2.000 |
2.500 |
|
7/8 |
1.313 |
1.258 |
1.368 |
0.222 |
0.143 |
-- |
2.000 |
2.250 |
2.750 |
|
1 |
1.500 |
1.438 |
1.562 |
0.250 |
0.167 |
-- |
2.250 |
2.500 |
3.000 |
|
1 1/8 |
1.688 |
1.625 |
1.750 |
0.286 |
0.167 |
0.250 |
2.500 |
2.750 |
3.250 |
|
1 1/4 |
1.875 |
1.813 |
1.938 |
0.286 |
0.167 |
0.250 |
2.750 |
3.000 |
3.500 |
|
1 3/8 |
2.063 |
2.000 |
2.125 |
0.333 |
0.167 |
0.250 |
3.000 |
3.250 |
3.750 |
|
1 1/2 |
2.250 |
2.188 |
2.313 |
0.333 |
0.167 |
0.250 |
3.250 |
3.500 |
4.000 |
|
1 5/8 |
2.438 |
2.375 |
2.500 |
-- |
-- |
0.250 |
3.500 |
3.750 |
4.250 |
|
1 3/4 |
2.625 |
2.563 |
2.688 |
0.400 |
-- |
0.250 |
3.750 |
4.000 |
4.500 |
|
1 7/8 |
2.813 |
2.750 |
2.875 |
-- |
-- |
0.250 |
4.000 |
4.250 |
4.750 |
|
2 |
3.000 |
2.925 |
3.075 |
0.444 |
-- |
0.250 |
4.250 |
4.500 |
5.000 |
|
2 1/4 |
3.375 |
3.300 |
3.450 |
0.444 |
-- |
0.250 |
4.750 |
5.000 |
5.500 |
|
2 1/2 |
3.750 |
3.675 |
3.825 |
0.500 |
-- |
0.250 |
5.250 |
5.500 |
6.000 |
|
2 3/4 |
4.125 |
4.050 |
4.200 |
0.500 |
-- |
0.250 |
5.750 |
6.000 |
6.500 |
|
3 |
4.500 |
4.425 |
4.575 |
0.500 |
-- |
0.250 |
-- |
6.500 |
7.000 |
|
3 1/4 |
4.875 |
4.775 |
4.975 |
0.500 |
-- |
0.250 |
-- |
7.000 |
7.500 |
|
3 1/2 |
5.250 |
5.150 |
5.350 |
0.500 |
-- |
0.250 |
-- |
7.500 |
8.000 |
|
3 3/4 |
5.625 |
5.525 |
5.725 |
0.500 |
-- |
0.250 |
-- |
8.000 |
8.500 |
|
4 |
6.000 |
5.900 |
6.100 |
0.500 |
-- |
0.250 |
-- |
8.500 |
9.000 |
Custom lengths and diameters are available on request from most manufacturers.
Size Chart of Stainless Steel 316 Stud Bolts
The size chart for Stainless Steel 316 Stud Bolts is listed in the table given below, along with diameter and length.
|
Flange Size (inches) |
Bolt Circle Dia (mm) |
No. of Bolts |
Bolt Diameter |
Bolt Length (approx) |
|
1/2" |
60.3 |
4 |
1/2" |
60 mm |
|
1" |
79.4 |
4 |
1/2" |
70 mm |
|
2" |
120.6 |
8 |
5/8" |
90 mm |
|
4" |
190.5 |
8 |
3/4" |
110 mm |
|
6" |
241.3 |
12 |
3/4" |
130 mm |
|
8" |
298.4 |
12 |
7/8" |
150 mm |
|
10" |
362.0 |
16 |
1" |
170 mm |
|
12" |
431.8 |
16 |
1" |
190 mm |
Torque Charts of Stainless Steel 316 Stud Bolts
The torque charts for Stainless Steel 316 Stud Bolts are listed in the table given below, along with the diameter.
|
Bolt Diameter |
Torque (Nm) — Class 1 |
Torque (Nm) — Class 2 |
|
M8 |
18 – 22 |
22 – 28 |
|
M10 |
35 – 45 |
45 – 58 |
|
M12 |
60 – 75 |
75 – 95 |
|
M16 |
140 – 175 |
175 – 220 |
|
M20 |
275 – 340 |
340 – 420 |
|
M24 |
475 – 590 |
590 – 730 |
|
M30 |
950 – 1180 |
1180 – 1460 |
Key Features of Stainless Steel 316 Stud Bolts
The 7 important features of Stainless Steel 316 Stud Bolts are listed below in detail.
- Good corrosion resistance
- Suitable for service temperatures
- Non-magnetic under normal conditions
- Compatible with a wide range of gasket materials
- Available in dual-certified 316/316L for applications requiring low carbon content
- Meets ASTM A193 B8M
- Threads are dimensionally compatible
Applications of Stainless Steel 316 Stud Bolts
Stainless Steel 316 Stud Bolts are used in the below mentioned industrial applications that require high-performance and strength.
Oil and Gas
Chemical Processing
Pharmaceutical and Food Processing
Marine Industry
Power Generation
Pulp & Paper
Water Treatment
How to Choose the Right Stainless Steel 316 Stud Bolts Supplier?
To choose the right Stainless Steel 316 Stud Bolts, follow the steps below.
Supplier Selection Criteria
Look for suppliers that stock ASTM A193 B8M material and will provide mill test certificates (MTC) on request. If MTCs are not available from a supplier, then they are not fit for purpose for critical applications. Also, see if they have fast-moving sizes available; we can not take 8 to 12 week lead times on standard items.
The Piping Mart connects buyers with verified suppliers who maintain ready stock and can provide full documentation.
Technical Considerations
Confirm the thread form (UNC vs metric), length tolerance, and end configuration (fully threaded vs double-end) before placing an order. For flanged connections, cross-check bolt length against the flange class and gasket thickness. Getting this wrong on a bulk order is a costly mistake.
Also, clarify whether you need Class 1 (annealed) or Class 2 (strain-hardened); the mechanical properties differ, and some applications specifically call out one or the other.
Quality & Certification Check
At minimum, ask for:
- Mill Test Certificate (EN 10204 3.1 or 3.2)
- ASTM A193 B8M compliance declaration
- Hardness test report (especially for sour service application as per NACE MR0175)
- Custom lengths: Dimensional Inspection Report when ordering
If you are using it for offshore or pressure vessel applications, you may need third-party inspection (TPI) from agencies such as Bureau Veritas, Lloyd’s or SGS.
Procurement Tips for Bulk Orders
- Order 5-10% more on quantity to allow for wastage on site, damage from threading or incorrect lengths.
- Specify packaging needs if bolts are going to a coastal or humid location (anti-corrosion wrapping, wooden boxes).
- For bigger orders of 1,000 pieces and up, get a sample batch checked out before clearing the whole shipment.
- Always lock in the price at the time of PO. SS 316 prices fluctuate with nickel market movements.
Stainless Steel 316 Stud Bolts are threaded fasteners used in industrial piping systems to connect flanges, valves, and pipe fittings. They are made from SS 316, which is an austenitic stainless steel grade containing molybdenum. That molybdenum content is what separates 316 from 304. It gives the material noticeably better resistance to chlorides, acids, and corrosive environments.
These bolts are used across oil and gas, chemical processing, marine, and pharmaceutical industries. They come in fully threaded or double-end stud configurations, and are almost always paired with heavy hex nuts.
Price of Stainless Steel 316 Stud Bolts
The approximate price range for Stainless Steel 316 Stud Bolts per kg/unit is listed below, along with the factors affecting the cost.
Approx Price Range
The Indian market offers Stainless Steel 316 stud bolts at a price range of ₹320 to ₹450 per kg based on size and finish. Prices can rise for imported or certified stock (PED, NACE). When you buy in bulk, the cost per unit is generally much smaller.
Price Per Unit / Kg
The per unit pricing of SS 316 Stud Bolts is approximately ₹80 – ₹180. Final price depends on supplier, origin (domestic versus imported), and quantity ordered. These are indicative figures; always ask for a live quote.
Factors Affecting Price
SS 316 stud bolt prices depend on size, certifications, finish, origin, and order volume, with costs influenced by nickel and molybdenum markets and discounts on larger bulk quantities.
Types of Stainless Steel 316 Stud Bolts
There are 5 types of 316 Stainless Steel Stud Bolts available, listed below.
- Fully Threaded Stud Bolts
- Double End Stud Bolts
- Tap End Stud Bolts
- Continuous Thread Studs
- B8M Stud Bolts
- Specifications of Stainless Steel 316 Stud Bolts
Specifications of Stainless Steel 316 Stud Bolts
The specifications of Stainless Steel 316 Stud Bolts, including size, dimensions, and form, are listed in the table given below.
|
Specifications |
ASTM A 193 / ASME SA 193 |
|
Standard |
DIN, ISO, JIS, GB, IS, BS, ASTM, and all International Standards |
|
Size |
M3 - M100 | 3/6″ - 4″ | Custom Sizes |
|
Stud Bolt Length |
3 mm - 200 mm | Custom Sizes |
|
Dimensions |
DIN 931, 933, 934, 7991, 976, 125, ASME B18.2.1, B18.3 |
|
Threads available |
UNF, BSW, BSF, METRIC, UNC, or as required |
|
Threads Configuration |
ASME B1.1 2A/3A – 2B/3B Inch Unified Threads and B1.13M 6h-6G Metric Coarse Threads |
|
Form |
Hex, Threading, Square, Round, as per Gauge Etc. |
Chemical Properties of Stainless Steel 316 Stud Bolts
The chemical properties of Stainless Steel 316 Stud Bolts, along with their proportion in percentage is listed in the table given below.
|
Element |
Composition (%) |
|
Carbon (C) |
Max 0.08 |
|
Manganese (Mn) |
Max 2.00 |
|
Silicon (Si) |
Max 1.00 |
|
Phosphorus (P) |
Max 0.045 |
|
Sulphur (S) |
Max 0.030 |
|
Chromium (Cr) |
16.00 – 18.00 |
|
Nickel (Ni) |
11.00 – 14.00 |
|
Molybdenum (Mo) |
2.00 – 3.00 |
Mechanical Properties of Stainless Steel 316 Stud Bolts
The mechanical properties of Stainless Steel 316 Stud Bolts, including elongation and other factors, are listed below.
|
Property |
Value |
|
Tensile Strength (min) |
515 MPa (75,000 psi) |
|
Yield Strength (min) |
205 MPa (30,000 psi) |
|
Elongation |
Min 35% |
Physical Properties of Stainless Steel 316 Stud Bolts
The physical properties of Stainless Steel 316 Stud Bolts are listed in the table given below.
|
Property |
Value |
|
Density |
8.0 g/cm³ |
|
Melting Point |
1375 – 1400°C |
|
Thermal Conductivity |
16.3 W/m·K at 100°C |
|
Electrical Resistivity |
74 µΩ·cm |
|
Magnetic Permeability |
Non-magnetic (annealed) |
|
Thermal Expansion |
15.9 µm/m·°C (0–100°C) |
Dimension Chart of Stainless Steel 316 Stud Bolts
The dimension chart of Stainless Steel 316 Stud Bolts, including diameter and nominal size, is listed below.
|
Nominal Size (inch) |
Diameter D Nominal |
Min. |
Max. |
Tap End Full Thread Length BM (UNC & NC-5) |
UNF Thread |
8UN Thread |
Bmin (L ≤ 10) |
Bmin (10 < L ≤ 16) |
Bmin (L > 16) |
|
1/4 |
0.375 |
0.350 |
0.400 |
0.100 |
0.071 |
-- |
0.750 |
1.000 |
1.500 |
|
5/16 |
0.469 |
0.440 |
0.498 |
0.111 |
0.083 |
-- |
0.875 |
1.125 |
1.625 |
|
3/8 |
0.563 |
0.532 |
0.594 |
0.125 |
0.083 |
-- |
1.000 |
1.250 |
1.750 |
|
7/16 |
0.656 |
0.620 |
0.692 |
0.143 |
0.100 |
-- |
1.125 |
1.375 |
1.875 |
|
1/2 |
0.750 |
0.708 |
0.792 |
0.154 |
0.100 |
-- |
1.250 |
1.500 |
2.000 |
|
9/16 |
0.844 |
0.802 |
0.896 |
0.167 |
0.111 |
-- |
1.375 |
1.625 |
2.125 |
|
5/8 |
0.938 |
0.892 |
0.983 |
0.182 |
0.111 |
-- |
1.500 |
1.750 |
2.250 |
|
3/4 |
1.125 |
1.075 |
1.175 |
0.200 |
0.125 |
-- |
1.750 |
2.000 |
2.500 |
|
7/8 |
1.313 |
1.258 |
1.368 |
0.222 |
0.143 |
-- |
2.000 |
2.250 |
2.750 |
|
1 |
1.500 |
1.438 |
1.562 |
0.250 |
0.167 |
-- |
2.250 |
2.500 |
3.000 |
|
1 1/8 |
1.688 |
1.625 |
1.750 |
0.286 |
0.167 |
0.250 |
2.500 |
2.750 |
3.250 |
|
1 1/4 |
1.875 |
1.813 |
1.938 |
0.286 |
0.167 |
0.250 |
2.750 |
3.000 |
3.500 |
|
1 3/8 |
2.063 |
2.000 |
2.125 |
0.333 |
0.167 |
0.250 |
3.000 |
3.250 |
3.750 |
|
1 1/2 |
2.250 |
2.188 |
2.313 |
0.333 |
0.167 |
0.250 |
3.250 |
3.500 |
4.000 |
|
1 5/8 |
2.438 |
2.375 |
2.500 |
-- |
-- |
0.250 |
3.500 |
3.750 |
4.250 |
|
1 3/4 |
2.625 |
2.563 |
2.688 |
0.400 |
-- |
0.250 |
3.750 |
4.000 |
4.500 |
|
1 7/8 |
2.813 |
2.750 |
2.875 |
-- |
-- |
0.250 |
4.000 |
4.250 |
4.750 |
|
2 |
3.000 |
2.925 |
3.075 |
0.444 |
-- |
0.250 |
4.250 |
4.500 |
5.000 |
|
2 1/4 |
3.375 |
3.300 |
3.450 |
0.444 |
-- |
0.250 |
4.750 |
5.000 |
5.500 |
|
2 1/2 |
3.750 |
3.675 |
3.825 |
0.500 |
-- |
0.250 |
5.250 |
5.500 |
6.000 |
|
2 3/4 |
4.125 |
4.050 |
4.200 |
0.500 |
-- |
0.250 |
5.750 |
6.000 |
6.500 |
|
3 |
4.500 |
4.425 |
4.575 |
0.500 |
-- |
0.250 |
-- |
6.500 |
7.000 |
|
3 1/4 |
4.875 |
4.775 |
4.975 |
0.500 |
-- |
0.250 |
-- |
7.000 |
7.500 |
|
3 1/2 |
5.250 |
5.150 |
5.350 |
0.500 |
-- |
0.250 |
-- |
7.500 |
8.000 |
|
3 3/4 |
5.625 |
5.525 |
5.725 |
0.500 |
-- |
0.250 |
-- |
8.000 |
8.500 |
|
4 |
6.000 |
5.900 |
6.100 |
0.500 |
-- |
0.250 |
-- |
8.500 |
9.000 |
Custom lengths and diameters are available on request from most manufacturers.
Size Chart of Stainless Steel 316 Stud Bolts
The size chart for Stainless Steel 316 Stud Bolts is listed in the table given below, along with diameter and length.
|
Flange Size (inches) |
Bolt Circle Dia (mm) |
No. of Bolts |
Bolt Diameter |
Bolt Length (approx) |
|
1/2" |
60.3 |
4 |
1/2" |
60 mm |
|
1" |
79.4 |
4 |
1/2" |
70 mm |
|
2" |
120.6 |
8 |
5/8" |
90 mm |
|
4" |
190.5 |
8 |
3/4" |
110 mm |
|
6" |
241.3 |
12 |
3/4" |
130 mm |
|
8" |
298.4 |
12 |
7/8" |
150 mm |
|
10" |
362.0 |
16 |
1" |
170 mm |
|
12" |
431.8 |
16 |
1" |
190 mm |
Torque Charts of Stainless Steel 316 Stud Bolts
The torque charts for Stainless Steel 316 Stud Bolts are listed in the table given below, along with the diameter.
|
Bolt Diameter |
Torque (Nm) — Class 1 |
Torque (Nm) — Class 2 |
|
M8 |
18 – 22 |
22 – 28 |
|
M10 |
35 – 45 |
45 – 58 |
|
M12 |
60 – 75 |
75 – 95 |
|
M16 |
140 – 175 |
175 – 220 |
|
M20 |
275 – 340 |
340 – 420 |
|
M24 |
475 – 590 |
590 – 730 |
|
M30 |
950 – 1180 |
1180 – 1460 |
Key Features of Stainless Steel 316 Stud Bolts
The 7 important features of Stainless Steel 316 Stud Bolts are listed below in detail.
- Good corrosion resistance
- Suitable for service temperatures
- Non-magnetic under normal conditions
- Compatible with a wide range of gasket materials
- Available in dual-certified 316/316L for applications requiring low carbon content
- Meets ASTM A193 B8M
- Threads are dimensionally compatible
Applications of Stainless Steel 316 Stud Bolts
Stainless Steel 316 Stud Bolts are used in the below mentioned industrial applications that require high-performance and strength.
Oil and Gas
Chemical Processing
Pharmaceutical and Food Processing
Marine Industry
Power Generation
Pulp & Paper
Water Treatment
How to Choose the Right Stainless Steel 316 Stud Bolts Supplier?
To choose the right Stainless Steel 316 Stud Bolts, follow the steps below.
Supplier Selection Criteria
Look for suppliers that stock ASTM A193 B8M material and will provide mill test certificates (MTC) on request. If MTCs are not available from a supplier, then they are not fit for purpose for critical applications. Also, see if they have fast-moving sizes available; we can not take 8 to 12 week lead times on standard items.
The Piping Mart connects buyers with verified suppliers who maintain ready stock and can provide full documentation.
Technical Considerations
Confirm the thread form (UNC vs metric), length tolerance, and end configuration (fully threaded vs double-end) before placing an order. For flanged connections, cross-check bolt length against the flange class and gasket thickness. Getting this wrong on a bulk order is a costly mistake.
Also, clarify whether you need Class 1 (annealed) or Class 2 (strain-hardened); the mechanical properties differ, and some applications specifically call out one or the other.
Quality & Certification Check
At minimum, ask for:
- Mill Test Certificate (EN 10204 3.1 or 3.2)
- ASTM A193 B8M compliance declaration
- Hardness test report (especially for sour service application as per NACE MR0175)
- Custom lengths: Dimensional Inspection Report when ordering
If you are using it for offshore or pressure vessel applications, you may need third-party inspection (TPI) from agencies such as Bureau Veritas, Lloyd’s or SGS.
Procurement Tips for Bulk Orders
- Order 5-10% more on quantity to allow for wastage on site, damage from threading or incorrect lengths.
- Specify packaging needs if bolts are going to a coastal or humid location (anti-corrosion wrapping, wooden boxes).
- For bigger orders of 1,000 pieces and up, get a sample batch checked out before clearing the whole shipment.
- Always lock in the price at the time of PO. SS 316 prices fluctuate with nickel market movements.